HTML Text

There are two kinds of markups, structural markup and semantic markup:

• Structural markup is using the elements to describe both headings and paragraphs
• Semantic markup will not change the presentation of the text but provide extra information to it

The structural elements:

• Headings: <h1> to <h6>
• Paragraphs: <p>
• Bold: <b>
• Italic: <i>
• Superscript: <sup>
• Subscript: <sub>
• Line breaks: <br />
• Horizontal rules: <hr />

The semantic elements:

• Importance: <strong>
• Emphasis: <em>
• Longer quotes: <blockquote>
• Shorter quotes: <q>
• Abbreviations and acronyms: <abbr>
• Citations: <cite>
• Definitions: <dfn>
• Author details: <address>
• Insertion: <ins>
• Deletion: <del>
• No longer accurate: <s>

Introducing CSS

CSS works by associating rules with HTML elements. These rules will cause the display of the specified elements. There are two parts are involved, a selector and a declaration.

• Selectors associate to the spicific element
• Declarations will tell us how the selected element should be styled

Using <link> element in HTML to call the external CSS file:

• href specifies the path to the CSS file
• type spcifies the type of document being linked to, text/css
• rel specifies the relationship between the HTML page and the linked file, stylesheet for CSS file

Using <style> element to indicate an internal CSS

CSS selectors:

• Universal selector: * {}
• Type selector: h1, p, body {}
• Class selector: .note {} or p.note {}
• ID selector: #idName {}
• Child selector: li>a {}
• Descendant selector: p a {}
• Adjacent sibling selector: h1+p {}
• General sibling selector: h1~p {}

CSS rules cascade:

• The last selector will rule
• The more specific selector will rule
• Add !important after any property value will rule

Basic JavaScript Instructions

Tips to write a script for a web page:

• It is best to keep JavaScript code in its own Javascript file
• Using <\script> to load the JavaScript file, <\link> is for a CSS file
• Writing comments to explain your code
• Declaring the variable before using it
• There are three types of variables:
  • Numeric data type
  • String data type
  • Boolean data type

Rules for naming variables:

• The name must begin with a letter, dolar sign, or an underscore, it must not not start with a number
• The name can contain letters, numbers, dollar sign, or an underscore, but must not use a dash or a period
• Cannot use keywords or reserved words, like var
• All variables are case sensitive
• Use a name that describes the kind of information that the variable stores
• Use a capital letter for the first letter of every word after the first word, if the variable name is made up of more than one word

Decisions and Loops

By using the results of evaluations, you can set the path for your script to proceed. There are two components to a decision:

1. An evaluating expression that will return a value
2. A conditional statement to give a instruction

Comparision operators:

• ==: equal to
• !=: not equal to
• ===: strict equal to
• !==: strict not equal to
• >: greater than
• <: less than
• >=: greater than or equal to
• <=: less than or equal to

Logical operators:

• &&: logical and

• : logical or

• !: logical not

The if statement is used to check a condition. The code block will be executed if the condition is true.

The if…else statement also is used to check a condition. The first code block will be executed if the condition is true. The second code block will be executed if the condition is false.

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